Journal: One Health

Article Title: Human 3D liver spheroids support productive infection of a novel tick-borne phenuivirus

doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101321

Figure Lengend Snippet: Assembly and characterization of human 3D liver spheroids via DNA origami NAC-linkers. (A) Schematic of 3D liver spheroid self-assembly from primary human hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells using NAC-linkers. (B) Atomic force microscopy image of NAC-linkers. Scale bars, 200 nm. (C) 1% agarose gel electrophoresis confirming cholesterol-modified NAC-linkers assembly (lanes: DNA marker, M13mp18 scaffold, and NAC-linkers). (D) Bright-field image of a mature spheroid. (E) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of a spheroid section. (F) Immunofluorescence staining of cell type markers in human 3D liver spheroids: albumin (ALB, hepatocytes), CD31 (endothelial cells), and CD68 (Kupffer cells). Scale bars, 200 μm.

Article Snippet: Primary human hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells (IxCell Biotechnology) were mixed at specific ratios and co-incubated with NAC-Linker A and B (Puheng Biomedicine, NAC001) to facilitate NAC structure formation on the cell surfaces.

Techniques: Microscopy, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, Modification, Marker, Staining, Immunofluorescence

Journal: One Health

Article Title: Human 3D liver spheroids support productive infection of a novel tick-borne phenuivirus

doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101321

Figure Lengend Snippet: Adaptation and pathogenesis of MKWV in human 3D liver spheroids. (A) Schematic of serial passaging of the HLJ1 strain in spheroids, yielding the adapted NAC-Org5 strain. (B, C) Viral RNA copies (B) and TCID₅₀ titers (C) across passages (P1-P5). (D) Bright-field image of spheroids infected with passage 5 (P5) virus, showing structural disruption. Scale bar, 100 μm. (E) Quantification of spheroid diameter post-infection. (F) Transmission electron micrographs of virions within cytoplasmic vesicles of infected spheroids. Scale bars: 1 μm (left), 200 nm (right). (G) Representative images and quantification of nuclei showing infection-induced cell death. Scale bar, 200 μm. (H) Western blot detecting cleaved caspase-3 in spheroids at 48 and 72 h post-infection (hpi). (I) Multiplex immunofluorescence showing NAC-Org5 tropism for CD31 + endothelial cells and CD68 + Kupffer cells, with weaker detection in ALB + hepatocytes. Scale bar, 200 μm. (J) Functional assessment of infected spheroids: ATP (viability), ALT/AST/LDH (damage), ALB/urea (synthetic function). (K) RT-qPCR analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression, normalized to β-actin. Data are mean ± SD ( n = 5 biological replicates). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Primary human hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells (IxCell Biotechnology) were mixed at specific ratios and co-incubated with NAC-Linker A and B (Puheng Biomedicine, NAC001) to facilitate NAC structure formation on the cell surfaces.

Techniques: Passaging, Infection, Virus, Disruption, Transmission Assay, Western Blot, Multiplex Assay, Immunofluorescence, Functional Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing

Journal: One Health

Article Title: Human 3D liver spheroids support productive infection of a novel tick-borne phenuivirus

doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101321

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pathogenicity of the NAC-Org5 strain in murine models. (A) Experimental schematic for intracranial (3-day-old) and intraperitoneal (3-week-old) inoculation of BALB/c mice. (B, C) Survival (B) and weight change (C) of suckling mice after NAC-Org5 infection. (D) Viral load in tissues and blood of suckling mice at 7 dpi. (E, F) Survival (E) and weight change (F) of 3-week-old mice. (G) Viral load in tissues and blood of 3-week-old mice at 7 dpi. Data are from 3 independent experiments. (H) Representative H& E -stained liver sections from 3-week-old mice at 7 and 15 dpi, showing inflammatory infiltrates and hepatocyte necrosis that resolves by 15 dpi. Scale bar, 100 μm. *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Primary human hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells (IxCell Biotechnology) were mixed at specific ratios and co-incubated with NAC-Linker A and B (Puheng Biomedicine, NAC001) to facilitate NAC structure formation on the cell surfaces.

Techniques: Infection, Staining

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biocompatibility of PC capsules: (A–B) cell viability of HUVECs (A) and NIH/3T3 cells (B) treated with different concentrations of PC capsules for 24 h detected by MTT assay; (C–D) toxic staining of PC capsules on HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells detected by living/dead cell staining; (E) photos of the backs of mice after receiving a subcutaneous injection of PC capsules and subcutaneous PC capsules after injection at day 4 and day 7; (F) slices of major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys) in mice after 14 days of PC capsule administration; scale bar = 100 μm. Serum liver function indicators were: (G) ALT and (H) AST. Serum renal function indicators were: (I) BUN and (J) CRE. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ns (p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, MTT Assay, Staining, Injection, Standard Deviation

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules increased cell viability under H 2 O 2 stimulation: cell viability of HUVECs (A) and NIH/3T3 (B) cells treated with different concentrations of H 2 O 2 for 6 h detected by MTT assay; viability of H 2 O 2 ‐treated HUVECs (C) and NIH/3T3 cells (D) with different concentrations of PC capsule pretreatment. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, MTT Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules restored cell function in H 2 O 2 -treated HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells. HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells were treated with PC capsules for 24 h and H 2 O 2 for 6 h. (A) Images of HUVEC migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , NAC, PC capsules after 24 h; (B) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for HUVECs; (C) images of NIH/3T3 cell migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , NAC, PC capsules after 24 h; (D) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for NIH/3T3 cells; (E–F) digital images of endothelial cell microtubule formation after treatment with H 2 O 2 , NAC, and PC capsules. Quantification of (G) number of branch sites, (H) total lengths and (I) numbers of tube nodes. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 (vs. control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, Cell Function Assay, Migration, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules improved mitochondrial function in H 2 O 2 -treated HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells: (A–D) elimination of ROS from HUVECs (A, C) and NIH/3T3 (B, D) cells by PC capsules as determined by MitoSOX; (E–H) assessment of PC-mediated HUVECs (E, G) and NIH/3T3 cells (F, H) MMP using TMRM assays; (I–J) effects of PC capsules on ATP production in HUVECs (I) and NIH/3T3 cells (J). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001 (vs. control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 (vs. H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsule–mediated cytoprotection via promoting activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway: expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT in HUVECs treated with PC capsules for 24 h and presence/absence of H 2 O 2 for 6 h (A); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (B) and p-AKT/AKT (C); expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT in NIH/3T3 cells treated with PC capsules for 24 h and presence/absence of H 2 O 2 for 6 h (D); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (E) and p-AKT/AKT (F). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 (vs control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (vs PC group or vs H 2 O 2 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Capsules, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Materials Today Bio

Article Title: Procyanidin capsules attenuate PI3K/AKT-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerate skin wound healing in diabetic mice

doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103029

Figure Lengend Snippet: PC capsules improve HUVEC and NIH/3T3 cell dysfunction by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling. HUVECs and NIH/3T3 cells were treated with PC capsules and LY294002 for 24 h and H 2 O 2 for 6 h. (A) Images of HUVEC migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , LY294002, PC capsules after 24 h; (B) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for HUVECs; (C) images of NIH/3T3 cell migration exposure to H 2 O 2 , LY294002, PC capsules after 24 h; (D) quantification of percentage wound area remaining for NIH/3T3 cells; (E–F) digital images of endothelial cell microtubule formation after treatment with H 2 O 2 , LY294002, and PC capsules. Quantification of (G) number of branch sites, (H) total lengths and (I) numbers of tube nodes (J); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (K) and p-AKT/AKT (L); expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, and AKT in NIH/3T3 cells treated with PC capsules, and LY294002 for 24 h and presence/absence of H 2 O 2 for 6 h (M); and analysis of optical density values of p-PI3K/PI3K (N) and p-AKT/AKT (O). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with n = 3 independent biological replicates per group. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Significance markers are defined as: ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001 (vs. control group); ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001 (vs PC group or vs LY294002 group).

Article Snippet: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (CRL-1730, USA, RRID: CVCL_2959) and NIH/3T3 cells (CRL-1658, USA, RRID: CVCL_0594) used in this study were purchased from American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Capsules, Migration, Expressing, Standard Deviation, Control